Learning styles in children2

02:45 Posted In , , , , , , Edit This
2. Auditory (learn by listening)
Glances to the left / right horizontal when talking, talking mediocre. Students who rely on the success of the auditory type of learning through the ears (hearing instrument). For that student teachers should have to pay attention to the hearing instrument. Children who have auditory learning styles can learn more quickly by using verbal discussion and listen to what the teacher says. Auditory child can digest the meaning conveyed mejalui voice tone, pitch (high-low), speed of speech and other auditory things. Written information sometimes has little meaning for children auditory listening. Children are like this usually can memorize more quickly by reading the text aloud and listening to tapes. The characteristics of auditory learning style:
a. When working like bicaa to yourself
b. Neat appearance
c. Easily distracted by noise
d. Learning by listening and remembering what was discussed rather than being viewed
e. Enjoy reading aloud and listening
f. Move their lips and say the writing on the book when reading
g. Usually he is a fluent speaker
h. Better at spelling out loud rather than writing
i. Prefer oral rather than read a comic joke
j. Having problems with tasks involving visual
k. Speaking in a patterned rhythm
I. Can repeat and imitate the tone, rhythm and timbre
Strategies to facilitate children's learning process auditory:
m. Encourage the child to participate in discussions either in class or in the family.
n. Encourage children to read aloud the subject matter.
0. Use music to teach children.
p. Discuss ideas with the child verbally.
q. Let the children recording their learning materials into kasetdan encourage him to listen to before bed.

3. Kinesthetic (learning how to move, work and touching)
Glance down when talking, speak more slowly. Children who have a kinesthetic learning styles learn through moving, touching and doing. Such a child is difficult to sit still for hours because their desire for activity and exploration is very strong. Students who learn this style of learning through movement and touch. The characteristics of kinesthetic learning styles:
a. Speaking slowly
b. Neat appearance
c. Not too easily distracted by noise situation
d. Learning through practice of manipulating and
e. Memorizing by walking and seeing
f. Using a finger as a guide when reading
g. Found it difficult to write but great for storytelling
h. Love the books and they reflect the action with body movement while reading
i. Liking the game a busy
j. Unable to remember the geography, unless they had been in place
k. Touching people to get their attention Using words that contain the action


Strategies to facilitate the learning process anak'kinestetik:
a. Do not force children to study for hours.
b. Encourage the child to learn while exploring their environment (for example: invite him to read while
cycling, use real objects to learn new concepts).
c. Allow children to chew gum at the time of learning.
d. Use bright colors to high high to the important things in the passage.
e. Allow children to learn while listening to music.
Learning styles can determine the learning achievement of children. If given the strategy that suits their learning style, children can develop better. Automatic learning styles depending on the learners. There are several learning styles that ordinary people do, among others:
1. Learning with Words
This style can we start by asking a friend who likes to play with language, such as telling stories and reading and writing. This learning style is fun because it can help us to remember names, places, dates, and other things by listening and then mention it.
2. Learning to Question
For some people, learning more effective and useful if it diiakukan way to play with any questions. For example, we are fishing ke'inginan knowledge with various questions. Each time the answer came, chased with questions, to obtain the final results or conclusions.
3. Learning with Pictures
There are some people who prefer to learn by creating images, design, view pictures, slides, video or film. People who have this passion usually have a certain sensitivity in capturing an image or color, to be sensitive in making the changes, compose and read the cards.
4. Learning with Music
Beat rhythms, songs, and maybe play one musical instrument, or always listening to music. There are many people who like to remember a variety of information in a way given the musical notation or melody. This is referred to as the rhythm of life. They tried to get the latest information about the various things by remembering the music or the notes which could then make searching for information related to it. For example ^ egarkan to jazz, ialu tergeliik how the song was made, who made, where, and at what kind of song that appears. Information that accompanies the song, could not merely a story about music, but also human, technological, political and social situation at a certain time.
5. Learning by Moving
Human motion, touching, talking and using body untnk express ideas is one way of learning fun. They are usually easy to understand or absorb the information in this way is among the dancers, sportsmen. So if you include an active group, no one trying to learn while doing various fun activities such as dancing or exercising.
6. Learning to Socialize
Join and mingle with others is the best way of getting information and learn quickly. By association, we can absorb new information quickly and easily understand it. And usually, the information obtained in this way, will take longer recorded in the memory.
7. Learning with Loneliness
There are some people who likes to do everything, including learning to be alone. For those who like it, usually prefer quiet and space tempatyang maintained her privacy. If you include anything like this, then have a private room can be very useful to study independently.

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Learning styles in children

02:30 Posted In , , , , , , Edit This
Learning in Formal does not always fun. Especially if you have to learn to be forced. For example, you have to learn, because that's the only way to pass, get a job or even a promotion. Another example of compulsion is if you enjoy learning in class while you're forced to study at the Open University (UT) which has a learning system jarakjauh.

Facing the necessity to learn is definitely not a fun thing. It will not be easy for someone to learn to concentrate if he feels forced. Therefore, you need to find a way how to learn to be fun, or .... although it had to, but can be more easily and effectively.
Experts in the field of education seeks to develop a theory of learning styles as a way to find a way so that learning becomes easy and enjoyable. As we know, learning requires concentration. Circumstances to concentrate very much related to your learning style. If you recognize the learning style, then you can manage on what conditions, where, when, and how you can maximize your learning. What style of learning?

How to choose a person who tends to receive information from the environment and process that information.
Or
How to choose a person who tends to receive information from the environment and process that information.

Learning styles of each person affected by natural factors (disposition) and environmental factors. So there are certain things that can not be changed in a person even with the exercise though. But there are also things that can be trained and adapted to an environment that sometimes it can not be changed.
Recognize own learning style. not necessarily make you smarter. But by recognizing the learning styles, you will dapatmenentukan belajaryang more effective way. You know how to use the ability to learn secaramaksimal, sehinggahasilbelajarmu be optimal.
In the book Quantum Learning presented three learning modalities someone that is "the modalities of visual, auditory or kinesthetic (VAK). Although each of us learn by using all three of these modalities at a certain stage, most people are more likely in one of three ".

1. Visual (learning by seeing)
Glances upward when speaking; spoke quickly. For students who study visual style, which plays an important role are the eyes / vision (visual). In mi hai teachers use teaching methods that should be more / emphasis on demonstration / media, invite them to the objects associated with these lessons, or by showing peraganya tools directly on the students or draw on the board. Children with visual learning styles rnempunyai should see the body language and facial expressions to understand the subject matter teacher. They tend to sit in front so you can see clearly they think using pictures in their brains and learn more quickly by using visual displays, such as diagrams, illustrated textbooks. and video in the classroom, children prefer visual record until the details to obtain information,

The characteristics of the visual learning style:
a. Talk a little faster
b. Concerned with the appearance of dress / presentation
c. Not easily distracted by noise
d. Mengingatyang seen, than heard
e. Prefer to read from the read
f. The reader quickly and diligently
g. Often knowing what to say, but not good at choosing words
h Prefer meiakukan demonstration rather than speech
i. More like music than art
j. Having trouble remembering verbal instructions unless they are written, and often enlist the help of someone to repeat it.

Strategies to facilitate the learning process of visual children:
k. Use visual material, such as pictures, diagrams and maps
I. Use color to menghilite important things.
m. Encourage children to read books illustrated
n. Use of multimedia (contohnya'komputer and video)
o. Encourage the child to try to illustrate his ideas into the picture

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Hair

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Hair

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Hair is a protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the dermis. The fine, soft hair found on many nonhuman mammals is typically called fur; wool is the characteristically curly hair found on sheep and goats. Found exclusively in mammals, hair is one of the defining characteristics of the mammalian class.[1] Although other non-mammals, especially insects, show filamentous outgrowths, these are not considered "hair" in the scientific sense. So-called "hairs" (trichomes) are also found on plants. The projections on arthropods such as insects and spiders are actually insect bristles, composed of a polysaccharide called chitin. There are varieties of cats, dogs, and mice bred to have little or no visible fur. In some species, hair is absent at certain stages of life. The main component of hair fiber is keratin.

Cross section of hair follicle

The hair can be divided into three parts length-wise, (1) the bulb, a swelling at the base which originates from the dermis, (2) the root, which is the hair lying beneath the skin surface, and (3) the shaft, which is the hair above the skin surface. In cross-section, there are also three parts, (1) the medulla, an area in the core which contains loose cells and airspaces (2) the cortex, which contains densely packed keratin and (3) the cuticle, which is a single layer of cells arranged like roof shingles.


[edit] Social role of hair

Hair has great social significance for human beings. It can grow on most areas of the human body, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet (among other areas), but hair is most noticeable in most people in a small number of areas, which are also the ones that are most commonly trimmed, plucked, or shaved. These include the face, nose, ears, head, eyebrows, eyelashes, legs and armpits, as well as the pubic region. The highly visible differences between male and female body and facial hair are a notable secondary sex characteristic.

[edit] Hair as indicator

Healthy hair indicates health and youth (important in evolutionary biology). Hair colour and texture can be a sign of ethnic ancestry. Facial hair is a sign of puberty in men. White hair is a sign of age, which can be concealed with hair dye. A well known old wives' tale often told to children claims that eating a large portion of bread crusts can make hair curly.[citation needed] Male pattern baldness is a sign of age, which can be concealed with a toupee, hats or religious/cultural adornments. In modern times, it can be reversed in some men with minoxidil (marketed as Rogaine or Regaine) or finasteride (marketed as Propecia); see Baldness treatments. Rather than these options, many men simply shave their heads for a clean look. Males in some religious groups, for example Sikhs and Orthodox Jews, may follow certain rules regarding hair as part of their faith, e.g. never cut their hair, or shave some or all of it. Some groups, such as women in the Muslim and orthodox Jewish communities, cover their hair as part of religious observance. Hair whorls have been discovered to be associated with brain development.

Hairstyle can be an indicator of group membership:. Metalheads can often feature long hair for headbanging, although long hair is commonplace for many men and women outside of heavy metal (ex: Indian sadhus, the hippie subculture, etc). Beatle "mop-top" haircuts. Mohawk haircuts, often associated with punk rock and the punk subculture. Skinhead haircuts, where the head is often shaved completely bald, or "buzzed". Mullet hairstyles, which have stereotypically been portrayed as pertaining to rednecks. Deathhawk A larger, fuller, back combed version of a mohawk - popular in the gothic sub-culture, and heavily featured in deathrock and gothic rock bands in the 1980s. Undercut where the sides and back of the head are shaved short or bald, and the top hair is allowed to grow long. Common among so-called "cybergoths" and followers of Industrial and heavy electronic music scenes. This is especially true of women in these subcultures, although the undercut is accepted as a unisex hair style. Fascinator (hair style) where the hair is short at the back and long at the front and the front forms itself into a point. It is similar to a mullet in reverse (also known as a frullet) or a devil lock. Hair that is usually short with a long side fringe [American: bangs] is a cut often associated with emo music and its fan basis. It is often dyed black or vibrant and contrasting colours such as pink or blue. It is considered a unisex haircut and often appears similar to the mop-top.

[edit] Growing and removing

In Western society, men's hair is generally kept short. This is due in part to the English Civil War. The followers of Oliver Cromwell decided to crop their hair close to their head, as an act of defiance to the curls and ringlets of the king's men. The Cromwell followers won.[14] The Cavaliers and Roundheads are another example of politically-motivated hairstyles. Long hair on men had a resurgence in the 1960s. Some notable hairstyles include skinheads and mullets. Members of the Sikh religion don't cut their hair. Having bobbed hair was popular among the flappers in the 1920s as a sign of rebellion against traditional roles for women. Female art students known as the "cropheads" also adopted the style, notably at the Slade School in London, England. Regional variations in hirsutism cause practices regarding hair on the arms and legs to differ.

[edit] Hair, power, punishment, and status

Samson and Delilah. Shaved heads in concentration camps. Head-shaving as punishment - especially for women with long hair. Military haircuts, monastic tonsures. Kovstro and his Seven Hounds. Extremely long hair of some Indian holy men. Regular hairdressing as sign of wealth. The dreadlocks of the Rastafari were despised early in the movement's history. Having one's own hair cut in order to liberate oneself from their past, usually after a trying time in one's life. Having hair cut as a sign of mourning, which was practiced in a number of cultures. Yoko Ono famously cut her very long hair after the assassination of her husband John Lennon, saying, "John loved my long hair, so I gave it to him.". Tightly coiled hair in its natural state can be worn in an Afro. This hairstyle was once worn among African Americans as a symbol of racial pride. Given that the coiled texture is the natural state of most African Americans' hair, this simple style is now often seen as a sign of self-acceptance and an affirmation that the beauty norms of dominant (northern/European) culture are not absolute. Flappers of the 1920s cut their traditional long hair into short bob cuts to show their independence and sexual freedom. Hippies of the 1960s grew their hair long in order to illustrate their distance from mainstream society. The film Easy Rider (1969) includes the description of one Hippie forcibly having his head shaved with a rusty razor to indicate the intolerance of some conservative groups towards the Hippie movement. At the conclusion of the Oz obscenity trials in the UK, the defendants had their heads shaved by the police, causing an outcry. During the appeal trial, they appeared in the dock wearing wigs.

[edit] Religious practices

Women's hair may be hidden using headscarves, a common part of the hijab in Islam and a symbol of modesty required for religious rituals in Orthodox Christianity. Orthodox Judaism endorses the use of wigs for women for modesty reasons as in Islam. Hassidic Judaism, on the other hand, discourages the trimming of head hair, and practitioners typically wear their hair in ringlets. Sikhs generally keep their hair uncut and tied in a bun on the head, which is then covered appropriately using a turban.






Hernia

23:39 Posted In , , , , Edit This

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hernia
Classification and external resources
Frontal chest X-ray showing a hernia of Morgagni
ICD-10 K40-K46
ICD-9 550-553
MedlinePlus 000960
eMedicine emerg/251 ped/2559
MeSH D006547

A hernia is a protrusion of a tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the muscle tissue or the membrane by which it is normally contained. The hernia has three parts: the orifice through which it herniates, the hernial sac, and its contents.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Pathophysiology

By far the most common hernias develop in the abdomen, when a weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a localized hole, or "defect", through which adipose tissue, or abdominal organs covered with peritoneum, may protrude. Another common hernia involves the spinal discs and causes sciatica.

Hernias may or may not present either with pain at the site, a visible or palpable lump, or in some cases by more vague symptoms resulting from pressure on an organ which has become "stuck" in the hernia, sometimes leading to organ dysfunction. Fatty tissue usually enters a hernia first, but it may be followed by or accompanied by an organ.

Most of the time, hernias develop when pressure in the compartment of the residing organ is increased, and the boundary is weak or weakened.

  • Weakening of containing membranes or muscles is usually congenital (which explains part of the tendency of hernias to run in families), and increases with age (for example, degeneration of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc), but it may be on the basis of other illnesses, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome, stretching of muscles during pregnancy, losing weight in obese people, etc., or because of scars from previous surgery.
  • Many conditions chronically increase intra-abdominal pressure, (pregnancy, ascites, COPD, dyschezia, benign prostatic hypertrophy) and hence abdominal hernias are very frequent. Increased intracranial pressure can cause parts of the brain to herniate through narrowed portions of the cranial cavity or through the foramen magnum. Increased pressure on the intervertebral discs, as produced by heavy lifting or lifting with improper technique, increases the risk of herniation.

[edit] Characteristics

Hernias can be classified according to their anatomical location:

Examples include:

  • abdominal hernias
  • diaphragmatic hernias and hiatal hernias (for example, paraesophageal hernia of the stomach)
  • pelvic hernias, for example, obturator hernia
  • anal hernias
  • hernias of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
  • intracranial hernias
  • Spigelian hernias [1]

Each of the above hernias may be characterised by several aspects:

  • congenital or acquired: congenital hernias occur prenatally or in the first year(s) of life, and are caused by a congenital defect, whereas acquired hernias develop later on in life. However, this may be on the basis of a locus minoris resistentiae (Lat. place of least resistance) that is congenital, but only becomes symptomatic later in life, when degeneration and increased stress (for example, increased abdominal pressure from coughing in COPD) provoke the hernia.
  • complete or incomplete: for example, the stomach may partially or completely herniate into the chest.
  • internal or external: external ones herniate to the outside world, whereas internal hernias protrude from their normal compartment to another (for example, mesenteric hernias).
  • intraparietal hernia: hernia that does not reach all the way to the subcutis, but only to the musculoaponeurotic layer. An example is a Spigelian hernia. Intraparietal hernias may produce less obvious bulging, and may be less easily detected on clinical examination.
  • bilateral: in this case, simultaneous repair may be considered, sometimes even with a giant prosthetic reinforcement.
  • irreducible (also known as incarcerated): the hernial contents cannot be returned to their normal site with simple manipulation.

If irreducible, hernias can develop several complications (hence, they can be complicated or uncomplicated):

  • strangulation: pressure on the hernial contents may compromise blood supply (especially veins, with their low pressure, are sensitive, and venous congestion often results) and cause ischemia, and later necrosis and gangrene, which may become fatal.
  • obstruction: for example, when a part of the bowel herniates, bowel contents can no longer pass the obstruction. This results in cramps, and later on vomiting, ileus, absence of flatus and absence of defecation.
  • dysfunction: another complication arises when the herniated organ itself, or surrounding organs start dysfunctioning (for example, sliding hernia of the stomach causing heartburn, lumbar disc hernia causing sciatic nerve pain, etc.).

[edit] Treatment

It is generally advisable to repair hernias quickly in order to prevent complications such as organ dysfunction, gangrene, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. Most abdominal hernias can be surgically repaired, and recovery rarely requires long-term changes in lifestyle. Uncomplicated hernias are principally repaired by pushing back, or "reducing", the herniated tissue, and then mending the weakness in muscle tissue (an operation called herniorrhaphy). If complications have occurred, the surgeon will check the viability of the herniated organ, and resect it if necessary. Modern muscle reinforcement techniques involve synthetic materials (a mesh prosthesis) that avoid over-stretching of already weakened tissue (as in older, but still useful methods). The mesh is either placed over the defect (anterior repair) or more preferably under the defect (posterior repair). At times staples are used to keep the mesh in place. These mesh repair methods are often called "Tension Free" repairs because, unlike older traditional methods, muscle is not pulled together under tension. Evidence suggests that these Tension Free methods have the lowest percentage of recurrences and the fastest recovery period compared to older suture repair methods. Increasingly, some repairs are performed through laparoscopes.

Many patients are managed through day surgery centers, and are able to return to work within a week or two, while heavy (heavy Lifting? Running?) activities are prohibited for a longer period. Patients who have their hernias repaired with mesh often recover in a number of days. Surgical complications have been estimated to be up to 10%, but most of them can be easily addressed. They include surgical site infections, nerve and blood vessel injuries, injury to nearby organs, and hernia recurrence.

Generally, the use of external devices to maintain reduction of the hernia without repairing the underlying defect (such as hernia trusses, trunks, belts, etc.), is not advised. Exceptions are uncomplicated incisional hernias that arise shortly after the operation (should only be operated after a few months), or inoperable patients.

It is essential that the hernia not be further irritated by carrying out strenuous labour.

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