The UN's top health official has opened a forum in Mexico on combating swine flu by saying that the spread of the virus worldwide is now unstoppable.

World Health Organization head Margaret Chan added that the holding of the meeting in Cancun showed confidence in Mexico, which has been hard hit.

The WHO says most H1N1 cases are mild, with many people recovering unaided.

As the summit opened, the UK alone was projecting more than 100,000 new cases of H1N1 a day by the end of the summer.

While Mexico in the northern hemisphere has seen swine flu cases decreased, the peak of the flu season is approaching in South America and some areas have declared a public health emergency.

Paraguay has reported its first fatality, while in Central America El Salvador has also recorded its first swine flu death.

'Mild symptoms'

"As we see today, with well over 100 countries reporting cases, once a fully fit pandemic virus emerges, its further international spread is unstoppable," Dr Chan said in her opening remarks.

A hospital in Athens, Greece, has been quarantined for swine flu

She stressed that the overwhelming majority of patients experienced mild symptoms and made a full recovery within a week, often in the absence of any form of medical treatment.

The exceptions, she said, were pregnant women and people with underlying health problems, who were at higher risk from complications from the virus and should be monitored if they fell ill.

"For a pandemic of moderate severity, this is one of our greatest challenges: helping people to understand when they do not need to worry, and when they do need to seek urgent care," Dr Chan said.

Turning to the summit venue, the WHO chief added: "Mexico is a safe, as well as a beautiful and warmly gracious, place to visit."

Leaders and experts from 50 countries are in Cancun for the two-day meeting to discuss strategies for combating the virus.

It has been more than two months since the initial alert over swine flu.

Since then, the H1N1 virus has entered more than 100 countries, infected more than 70,000 people and killed more than 300 worldwide.

Authorities across South America are becoming increasingly concerned as the peak flu season approaches.

Schools across Argentina have sent students home and pregnant women have been told they can take two weeks off work to avoid contracting the virus.

It is hoped the Cancun meeting will address many of the issues that might help slow the spread of swine flu but, our correspondent adds, many people are concerned that an effective vaccine has still not been developed.

reference web news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8130196.stm

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Measuring body weight on a scale

Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight. In most cases the goal is weight loss in those who are overweight or obese, but some athletes aspire to gain weight (usually in the form of muscle) and diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight.

Diets to promote weight loss are generally divided into four categories: low-fat, low-carbohydrate, low-calorie, and very low calorie.^[1] A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between the main diet types (low calorie, low carbohydrate, and low fat), with a 2–4 kilogram weight loss in all studies.^[1] At two years all diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized.^[2]

[edit] Types of dieting

There are several kinds of diets:

• Weight-loss diets restrict the intake of specific foods, or food in general, to reduce body weight. What works to reduce body weight for one person will not necessarily work for another, due to metabolic differences and lifestyle factors. Also, for a variety of reasons, most people find it difficult to maintain significant weight loss over time. Among individuals that have lost 10% or more of body weight, only 20% are able to maintain that weight loss for a full year.^[3]

• Athletes participating in professional sports may sometimes undertake weight-gain or weight-loss diets to increase or decrease their body mass to gain advantage in their field.

• Individuals who are underweight, such as those recovering from anorexia nervosa or starvation, may adopt weight-gain diets which, unlike those of athletes, have the goal of restoring normal levels of body fat, muscle, and stores of essential nutrients.

• Actors, and people participating in similar activities, may pursue weight loss or gain in order to better portray a particular role.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

E-mail spam, also known as junk e-mail, is a subset of spam that involves nearly identical messages sent to numerous recipients by e-mail. A common synonym for spam is unsolicited bulk e-mail (UBE). Definitions of spam usually include the aspects that email is unsolicited and sent in bulk.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} "UCE" refers specifically to unsolicited commercial e-mail.

E-mail spam has steadily, even exponentially grown since the early 1990s to several billion messages a day. Spam has frustrated, confused, and annoyed e-mail users. Laws against spam have been sporadically implemented, with some being opt-out and others requiring opt in e-mail. The total volume of spam (over 100 billion emails per day as of April 2008^[update]) has leveled off slightly in recent years, and is no longer growing exponentially. The amount received by most e-mail users has decreased, mostly because of better filtering. About 80% of all spam is sent by fewer than 200 spammers. Botnets, networks of virus-infected computers, are used to send about 80% of spam. Since the cost of the spam is borne mostly by the recipient,^[6] it is effectively postage due advertising.

E-mail addresses are collected from chatrooms, websites, newsgroups, and viruses which harvest users' address books, and are sold to other spammers. Much of spam is sent to invalid e-mail addresses. ISPs have attempted to recover the cost of spam through lawsuits against spammers, although they have been mostly unsuccessful in collecting damages despite winning in court.^[7][8] Spam averages 94% of all e-mail sent.^[9]

Overview

From the beginning of the Internet (the ARPANET), sending of junk e-mail has been prohibited,^[10] enforced by the Terms of Service/Acceptable Use Policy (ToS/AUP) of internet service providers (ISPs) and peer pressure. Even with a thousand users junk e-mail for advertising is not tenable, and with a million users it is not only impractical,^[11] but also expensive.^[12] It is estimated that spam cost businesses on the order of $100 billion in 2007.^[13] As the scale of the spam problem has grown, ISPs and the public have turned to government for relief from spam, which has failed to materialize.^[14]

[edit] Types

Spam has several definitions, varying by the source.

• Unsolicited bulk e-mail (UBE)—unsolicited e-mail, sent in large quantities.
• Unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE)—this more restrictive definition is used by regulators whose mandate is to regulate commerce, such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission.

[edit] Spamvertised sites

Many spam e-mails contain URLs to a website or websites. According to a Commtouch report in June 2004, "only five countries are hosting 99.68% of the global spammer websites", of which the foremost is China, hosting 73.58% of all web sites referred to within spam.^[15]

[edit] Most common products advertised

According to information compiled by Spam-Filter-Review.com, E-mail spam for 2006 can be broken down as follows.^[16]

Rolex watches and Viagra-type drugs are two common products advertised in spam e-mail.^[17][18]

[edit] 419 scams

Advance fee fraud spam such as the Nigerian "419" scam may be sent by a single individual from a cyber cafe in a developing country. Organized "spam gangs" operating from Russia or eastern Europe share many features in common with other forms of organized crime, including turf battles and revenge killings.^[19]

[edit] Phishing

Spam is also a medium for fraudsters to scam users to enter personal information on fake Web sites using e-mail forged to look like it is from a bank or other organization such as PayPal. This is known as phishing. Spear-phishing is targeted phishing, using known information about the recipient, such as making it look like it comes from their employer.^[20]

[edit] Appending

If a marketer has one database containing names, addresses, and telephone numbers of prospective customers, they can pay to have their database matched against an external database containing email addresses. The company then has the means to send email to persons who have not requested email, which may include persons who have deliberately withheld their email address. ^[21]

[edit] Image spam

Image spam is an obfuscating method in which the text of the message is stored as a GIF or JPEG image and displayed in the email. This prevents text based spam filters from detecting and blocking spam messages. Image spam is currently used largely to advertise "pump and dump" stocks.^[22]

Safety Tips: Parents Should Prepare Kids For Abduction Dangers

• Travel with a friend, or better yet, a group of friends when riding your bike or walking to or from school or other destinations.


• If a stranger offers you a ride somewhere, say no, and run away. Adults should define "stranger" and give safety tip examples to help youth, especially young ones, know what you mean.


• If someone follows you on foot, get away as quickly as you can. Go to someone's house you know, or run to other people, or just run away.


• If someone is following you in a car, turn around and go in the opposite direction or take a path where a car would not go.


• Never leave school or any other extracurricular activity or event with someone who makes you feel uncomfortable. Moms or dads should tell their youngster that it is okay in these circumstances to not ride home, but that also means adults should have an established communications method along with these safety tip guidelines so that the kid does not end up stranded or alone.


• If a stranger tells you that there is an emergency or that a family member is hurt or that a pet has been in an accident, always check with your mom or dad or other trusted adults. This is a common trick used by many molesters or kidnappers.


• For more information about safety tips from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, call 800/843-5678.

• Grown-ups should establish "safe houses" where kids feel comfortable in knocking on their door at any time a situation warrants it. Be sure to get approval from the neighbors/homeowners first before designating a home as a "safe house." If possible, have a neighborhood safety tip meeting and have residents agree to watch after one another.


• Parents should not become lax about kids going to a friend's home in a neighborhood--even if it is only a few doors away. Snatchings can happen in an instant; even under a parent's watchful eye. The key is to keep an eye on a youngster when out front. Older youth should be instructed to call when they arrive at a friend's home for peace of mind and as a good safety tip practice.


• Never let kids play out in the front yard alone without direct supervision by an adult. There are too many opportunities for endangerment or other types of accidents. A back yard is a much safer, and more private, option.


• If at all possible, an adult should greet youngsters as they get off a school bus, and not have them walk home alone.


• Parents should be cautious about blatant use of a child's name on a back pack or jacket. Kids sometimes believe that a person can't be a stranger if they know them by name, when the reality is that their name was easily readable on their attire or the individual heard a youngster's name mentioned.


• Adults should understand that boys are at just as greatest of risk as girls. It is a common safety tip misconception that child molesters or perpetrators are typically men and seek only girls. Molesters come in all ages and both genders, and their victims can be of either sex.


• Parents should begin reinforcing these safety tips as soon as a kid is old enough to understand, and above all, ensure that their child feels comfortable enough in discussing these issues, their concerns or fears, or any potentially inappropriate events that have possibly transpired. Awareness of these safety tips can help kids be less susceptible to any stranger dangers.

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Prenuptial agreements in all U.S. states are not allowed to regulate issues relating to the children of the marriage, in particular, custody and access issues.^{[citation needed]} The reason behind this is that matters involving children must be decided in the children's best interests.^{[citation needed][3]} However, this is controversial: some people believe that as custody battles are the worst part of a divorce, couples should be able to settle this in advance.

With respect to financial issues ancillary to divorce, prenuptial agreements are routinely upheld and enforced by courts in virtually all states. There are circumstances in which courts have refused to enforce certain portions/provisions of such agreements. For example, in an April, 2007 decision by the Appellate Division in New Jersey, the court refused to enforce a provision of a prenuptial agreement relating to the wife's waiver of her interest in the husband's savings plan. The New Jersey court held that when the parties executed their prenuptial agreement, it was not foreseeable that the husband would later increase his contributions toward the savings plan.

In California, there is one case that recognized an oral, executed prenup (Hall v. Hall) in the probate of an estate. Parties can waive disclosure beyond that which is provided, and there is no requirement of notarization, but it is good practice. There are special requirements if parties sign the agreement without attorney, and the parties must have independent counsel if they limit spousal support (also known as alimony or spousal maintenance in other states). Parties must wait seven days after the premarital agreement is first presented for review before they sign it, but there is no requirement that this be done a certain number of days prior to the marriage. Prenups often take months to negotiate so they should not be left until the last minute (as people often do). If the prenup calls for the payment of a lump sum at the time of divorce, it may be deemed to promote divorce. This concept has come under attack recently and a lawyer should be consulted to make sure the prenup does not violate this provision.

In California, an agreement is very powerful. A couple can waive their rights to share property (community property). It can limit spousal support (although a court at the divorce can set this aside if it deems that the limitation is unconscionable). The agreement can act as a contract to make a will requiring one spouse to provide for the other at death. It can also limit probate rights at death, such as the right to a probate allowance, a probate allowance, the right to act an executor, the right to take as a predetermined heir, and so forth.^{[citation needed]}. In California, Registered Domestic Partners may also enter into a prenup. Prenups for Domestic Partners can have added complexities because the Domestic Partner does not have the benefit of federal tax law that favors married couples.In California, courts have not allowed penalties in prenups that sanction people for infidelity or using recreational drugs. Court will not enforce requirements that one person will do the dishes or that the children will be raised in a certain religion.

Postmarital agreements are treated very differently in California law. Spouses have a fiduciary duty to one another so premarital agreements come under a special category of agreements. There is a presumption that the postmarital agreement was obtained by undue influence if one party gains an advantage. Disclosure cannot be waived in the context of a postmarital agreement.Of note, unlike all other contract law, consideration is not required, although a minority of courts point to the marriage itself as the consideration. Through a prenup, a spouse can completely waive rights to property, alimony or inheritance as well as the elective share and get nothing in return.

A sunset provision may be inserted into a prenuptial agreement, specifying that after a certain amount of time, the agreement will expire. In a few states, such as Maine, the agreement will automatically lapse after the birth of a child, unless the parties renew the agreement. In other states, a certain number of years of marriage will cause a prenuptial agreement to lapse. In states that have adopted the UPAA (Uniform Premarital Agreement Act), no sunset provision is provided by statute, but one could be privately contracted for. Note that states have different versions of the UPAA.

Choice of law provisions are critical in prenups. Parties to the agreement can elect to have the law of the state they are married in govern both the interpretation of the agreement and how property is divided at the time of divorce. In the absence of a choice of law clause it is the law of the place the parties divorce, not the law of the state they were married that decides property and support issues.

In drafting an agreement, it is important to recognize that there are two types of state laws that govern divorce – equitable distribution, of which there are 41 states and 9 states that are some variation of community property. An agreement written in a community property state may not be designed to govern what occurs in an equitable distribution state and vice versa. It may be necessary to retain attorneys in both states to cover the possible eventuality that the parties may live in a state other than the state they were married. Often people have more than one home in different states or they move a lot because of their work so it is important to take that into account in the drafting process.There are several ways that a prenuptial agreement can be attacked in court. These include lack of voluntariness, unconscionably, and a failure to disclose assets

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement, commonly abbreviated to prenup or prenupt, is a contract entered into prior to marriage or civil union by the people intending to marry. The content of a prenuptial agreement can vary widely, but commonly includes provisions for division of property and spousal support in the event of divorce or breakup of marriage.,

In some countries, including the Netherlands, the prenuptial agreement not only provides for the event of a divorce, but also to protect some property during the marriage, for instance in case of a bankruptcy.Many countries, including Canada, France, Italy, and Germany, have matrimonial regimes, in addition to, or some cases, in lieu of prenuptial agreements.As of 2007, England and Wales do not enforce prenuptial agreements, but agreements may be upheld at the judge's discretion. These countries also do not have a provision for marital regimes.

There are two types of prenuptial agreements: marriage contract for people who are married or about to be married, and cohabitation agreement for unmarried couples. A variation for people who are already married is a postnuptial agreement, also called a postmarital agreement.

Postnuptial agreements are similar to prenuptial agreements, except that they are entered into after a couple is married.^[1][2]

Legal recognition

Laws vary between both states and countries in both how to draft them and in whether they will enforce such agreements.Historically, judges in the United States frowned upon prenuptial agreements as corrupting what marriage was supposed to stand for, and often they would not recognize them. Nowadays they are recognized, although they may not always be enforced. Both parties should have lawyers represent them to ensure that the agreement is enforceable. In some cases, the parties retain a private judge to be present during the signing, to be sure that neither party has been coerced into the agreement. Some attorneys recommend videotaping the signing, although this is exceptional. Some states such as California require that the parties be represented by counsel if spousal support (alimony) is limited.

Prenuptial agreements are, at best, a partial solution to obviating some of the risks of marital property disputes in times of divorce. They protect minimal assets and are not the final word. Nevertheless, they can be very powerful and limit parties' property rights and alimony. It may be impossible to set aside a properly drafted and executed pre-nup. A pre-nup can dictate not only what happens if the parties divorce, but when they die. They can act as a contract to make a will and/or eliminate all your rights to property, probate homestead, probate allowance, right to take as a predetermined heir, and the right to act as an executor and administrator of your spouse's estate.Under the Statute of Frauds, a prenuptial agreement is only valid if it is completed prior to marriage. After a couple is married, they may draw up a post-nuptial agreement.

In the United States, prenuptial agreements are recognized in all fifty states and the District of Columbia. Likewise, in most jurisdictions, five elements are required for a valid prenuptial agreement:

1. agreement must be in writing (oral prenups are always prohibited);
2. must be executed voluntarily;
3. full and/or fair disclosure at the time of execution;
4. the agreement cannot be unconscionable;
5. it must be executed by both parties (not their attorneys) "in the manner required for a deed to be recorded", known as an acknowledgment, before a notary public.

Rabu, 1 April 2009 | 13:24 WIB

Jika Anda sering mendengarkan berita gosip, sering terdengar suatu tren di kalangan selebritis Hollywood tentang dilakukannya perjanjian pra nikah, atau disebut juga pre nuptial agreement. Hal ini dibuat untuk melindungi harta milik masing-masing mempelai. Perlukah perjanjian ini dibuat? Bukankah ini justru menodai kepercayaan dalam pernikahan? Berikut adalah penjabaran dari T. Estu Indrajaya (Estu & Company, Advocates & Solicitors, Patent & Trademark Attorneys) mengenai perjanjian pra nikah.

Perjanjian pra nikah adalah perjanjian antara kedua belah pihak yang akan melangsungkan pernikahan di hadapan notaris. Undang-undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan mengatur mengenai perjanjian pra nikah. Pasal 29 menyebutkan:
1. Pada waktu atau sebelum perkawinan dilangsungkan, kedua pihak atas persetujuan bersama dapat mengadakan perjanjian tertulis yang disahkan oleh Pegawai pencatat perkawinan, setelah mana isinya berlaku juga terhadap pihak ketiga sepanjang pihak ketiga tersangkut.
2. Perjanjian tersebut tidak dapat disahkan bilamana melanggar batas-batas hukum, agama, dan kesusilaan.
3. Perjanjian tersebut mulai berlaku sejak perkawinan dilangsungkan.
4. Selama perkawinan berlangsung perjanjian tersebut tidak dapat dirubah, kecuali bila dari kedua belah pihak ada persetujuan untuk merubah dan perubahan tidak merugikan pihak ketiga.

Di Undang-Undang Perkawinan, disebutkan bahwa dalam perjanjian pra nikah dalam pasal ini tak termasuk taklik-talak. Secara awam dan garis besar, perjanjian pra nikah dapat digolongkan menjadi 2 macam, yakni Perjanjian Pemisahan Harta Murni dan Perjanjian Harta Bawaan.

Untuk Perjanjian Harta Murni, dalam artian benar-benar memisahkan seluruh jenis harta kedua belah pihak selama perkawinan berlangsung, termasuk penghasilan yang didapat, utang dan segala macam harta, baik yang didapat sebelum pernikahan maupun yang didapat setelah pernikahan. Kemudian mengenai pengeluaran-pengeluaran rutin keluarga (uang belanja keluarga, pendidikan anak, asuransi, dan lain-lain) selama dalam tali pernikahan biasanya ditanggung secara keseluruhan oleh suami. Namun tidak mutlak, tergantung kesepakatan kedua pihak.

Kemudian, Perjanjian Harta Bawaan dalam perjanjian ini yang menjadi objek perjanjian hanyalah harta benda bawaan milik para pihak sebelum terikat tali perkawinan. Sedangkan harta yang nantinya didapat setelah terjadinya pernikahan menjadi harga bersama (harta gono-gini) dan pengeluaran rutin keluarga dibicarakan bersama.

Namun, seiring berkembangnya zaman dan emansipasi kaum wanita dewasa ini, maka tidak menutup kemungkinan perjanjian pra nikah tersebut tidak memuat mengenai harta benda, melainkan mengenai hal-hal lain yang dirasa lebih perlu contohnya proteksi diri oleh pihak istri terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga.

Perjanjian pra nikah memang masih belum ’populer’ di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia, malah dianggap tabu dan negatif. Karena hal ini masih dianggap ’pamali’ karena memikirkan perceraian terlebih dulu sebelum menikah.

Namun demikian, perjanjian pra nikah mempunyai cukup manfaat, antara lain:
1. Dapat menimbulkan sikap saling terbuka antar pasangan dalam hal keuangan. Masing-masing pihak dapat mengekspresikan kemauannya dalam perjanjian ini.

2. Menghindari sifat boros salah satu pasangan. Dalam hal salah satu pasangan mempunyai indikasi boros, maka dengan adanya perjanjian ini dapat menyelamatkan rumah tangga perkawinan mereka nantinya. Dengan adanya perjanjian ini, maka pihak yang boros harus menaati semua aturan-aturan yang sudah disepakati dalam perjanjian pra-nikah.

3. Menghindari dari maksud buruk salah satu pasangan. Seringkali pernikahan menjadi suatu sarana untuk memperoleh keuntungan atau kekayaan dari pihak lain. Menikah kemudian mengajukan gugatan cerai untuk mendapatkan harta gono gini. Dengan adanya perjanjian pra nikah ini maka akan melindungi harta benda dari rebutan pihak lain.

4. Melindungi salah satu pihak dari tindakan hukum. Apabila salah satu pihak mengajukan kredit (misalnya kredit rumah) biasanya akan dilakukan penandatanganan perjanjian kredit oleh suami-istri sehingga utang kredit tersebut ditanggung bersama. Namun, dengan adanya perjanjian ini, maka yang mengajukan kredit bertanggung jawab atas dirinya sendiri dan bukan menjadi utang bersama.

5. Bagi perempuan WNI yang menikah dengan lelaki WNA, sebaiknya mereka memiliki perjanjian pra nikah, untuk memproteksi diri mereka sendiri, karena kalau tidak, maka perempuan WNI tersebut tidak akan bisa membeli tanah dan rumah atas namanya sendiri. Selain dari pada itu, perjanjian ini dapat pula memuat mengenai kewarganegaraan anak yang nantinya dilahirkan dari perkawinan campuran, bahwa anak yang nantinya dilahirkan akan mengikuti kewarganegaraan ibu dengan pertimbangan-pertimbangan tertentu, misalnya pekerjaan ibu yang berlokasi di Indonesia.

Perjanjian semacam ini terbuat untuk melindungi pihak-pihak tertentu dari adanya kemungkinan-kemungkinan buruk dan dibuat setelah banyaknya kejadian-kejadian. Nah, setelah penjabaran dari Estu Indrajaya tersebut, tergantung dari Anda kembali bagaimana menyikapi perjanjian pra nikah ini.

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WEB , http://indahfashion.blogspot.com
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• Do not allow your cat to go outside your home where it may come into contact with toxoplasma. If possible, have someone else take care of your cat while you are pregnant.
• Have another family member change the cat litter box and then disinfect it with boiling water for 5 minutes.
• If you must handle the chore of changing the litter box, wear rubber gloves to avoid contact with the litter and wash your hands thoroughly afterwards.
• Use work gloves when gardening and wash your hands afterwards. Cover children's sandboxes when not in use (cats like to use them as litter boxes).
• Control flies and cockroaches as much as possible. They can spread contaminated soil or cat feces onto food.
• Avoid eating raw or undercooked meat (or poultry) and unwashed fruits and vegetables.
• Wash your hands thoroughly before you eat and after handling raw meat, soil, sand or cats.
• Avoid rubbing your eyes or face when preparing food, and wipe the counter clean afterwards.
• Avoid eating raw eggs and drinking unpasteurized milk.

Dengan pengobatan antibiotik, infeksi tokso bisa diatasi.